Positive Accounting Research for Social MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about thePositive Accounting Researchfor Social and Environmental. Answer: Presentation This paper looks at the improvement of positive bookkeeping examining. In this report a firm investigation has been set up to depict different statistical data points of positive bookkeeping research. In this article we will show a few approach and models which reflects how human would settle on choice in various circumstance dependent on arranged bookkeeping structure. This article is made by various models and cots which is helpful to decide the viability of positive bookkeeping investigating (Klemstine and Maher, 2014). The Positive Accounting hypothesis has given different significant impacts to the bookkeeping research in positive bookkeeping research. In contrast to standardizing hypothesis, these positive bookkeeping speculations has been created by American teachers Ross Watts and Jerold Zimmerman and different scalars, has given key parts of human dynamic and their angles. In positive bookkeeping research speculations it has been given that clarification implies giving the r easons of these watched rehearses. For instance, positive bookkeeping discovers why business chronicled cost in their bookkeeping framework. Then again, there are a few organizations that move from that point bookkeeping strategies to other bookkeeping methods. Foreseeing bookkeeping practice implies that the hypothesis would predicts the marvel has not been watched. This report comprises with a few sections, for example, Summary of article which will mirrors the center part of information given in article. From that point forward, hypothetical perspectives and models have additionally been utilized to features the fundamental key purposes of this examination (Everett, et al. 2015). Synopsis Of Article From this article, essayists and different watchers help to effectively assess the integrity and terrible on positive bookkeeping research. This article is holding data on the human conduct and their circumstances and logical results connection in positive bookkeeping research practice. There are a few perspective and suppositions that have been thought about which mirrors the best bookkeeping practice level set program to diminish diverse bookkeeping practice. What's more, there are a few easygoing hypothesis and comprehensive perspective which is telling the best way to bookkeeper and inspectors could think of the normal choice in getting ready fiscal summaries. In this way, positive bookkeeping hypothesis not just clarifies and predicts the bookkeeping exercises occurring in actuality yet additionally clarifies the explanation behind the presence of such occasions, responds to the subject of what occurs and for what reason does it go in such a manner (Dyckman and Zeff, 2014). The effect of distributed fiscal summaries is utilized to share cost. It tends to be seen that positive bookkeeping hypothesis would find and clarify things, wonders that never showed up or was showed up in the execution of regulating bookkeeping hypothesis. Positive Accounting hypothesis depends on exact investigations with information and occasions occurring by and by to test the theory that scientists watched and presented. Positive bookkeeping frequently utilized utilization of measurable techniques or propelled econometrics to check the theory for the conduct of choice. It gives that in the event that individuals are having conduct of unrestrained choice, at that point there will be high possibilities that evaluators and bookkeeper will have struggle with their working (Brown Preiato, and Tarca, 2014). There is sure metaphysics and epistemology is the principle main considerations which give how cases and impacts connection could be utilized to decide the bookkeeper and examiners choices making factors in positive bookkeeping research practice. This not just gives the purpose for the logical inconsistency in choices by bookkeeper and examiners yet in addition mirrors the bases on which these choices have been taken. This article is holding insights about equal conduct, personal responsibility and hypothesis and constructive metaphysics and epistemology which are utilized to make translation of subjective information (Engle and Hunton, 2015). Personal circumstance hypothesis likewise gives that people will deal with their own enthusiasm before the enthusiasm of association overall. Every single human takes choice based on his outer and inside components which result into variety of their choice (Smith, 2014). These various choices excited because of various observations, factor and different models. These models have helped bookkeepers and evaluators to arranging, recording and summing up task and give them comprehension to cover all the prerequisite of positive bookkeeping practice in compelling way. Presently it could be construed that this article comprised with various. Human conduct dependent on the various elements and conditions (Deegan, 2017). Looking into Questions There are a few inquiries which could be mulled over for setting up this article. How positive bookkeeping research practice could be not the same as scholarly program? What are the influencing factors which build up circumstances and logical results connection in positive bookkeeping research? Which speculations and models have been utilized in positive bookkeeping research? What are the beneficial outcomes of utilizing metaphysics and epistemology in positive bookkeeping research practice in positive bookkeeping research? (Li, 2015). Hypothetical Frameworks This article is comprised with a few models and structures which could be utilized in this positive bookkeeping research practice. There are different models, for example, theoretical test, cosmology epistemology systems. These the sum total of what hypotheses have been utilized to characterize the human conduct and others related variables (Dyckman and Zeff, 2014). According to the perspectives on Everett, Netu, Rahman, And Maharaj it is given that reviewers and bookkeeping are two distinct people who utilized diverse basic comprehension to settle on successful choice in their bookkeeping works. There are a few speculations, for example, conduct of through and through freedom, cause and impacts connection and other bookkeeping structure which encourages bookkeeper and reviewers to settle on their choices viably. It is seen that if bookkeepers are conduct of through and through freedom in their bookkeeping models and choice then it would most likely outcome into irreconcilable circumstance among reviewers and bookkeepers. There are different models and systems which could be utilized in bookkeeping structure in this article either in American or global which reflects standard models for estimating human conduct. These practices are the primary parcels which give how individuals will settle on choices and how positive bookkeeping examination coul d be utilized to get ready fiscal summary. An early interpretive investigation of bookkeeping was UK National coal Board by berry et al(1985). The examination group concentrates how and why chiefs built deciphered and utilized bookkeeping data. The point was to comprehend bookkeeping from the viewpoint of gets ready and clients. The cosmology didn't lay on a conviction that bookkeeping comprised of hard noticeable and unmistakable realities free of subjects yet rather a suspicion that it is socially developed and is given significance as indicated by individuals s convictions and guarantee which are neither stable after some time nor reliable across populaces. Be that as it may, information isn't irregular or without structure: rather examples or structures, at some point suffering, are made and supported during individual collaborations. Subsequently extensive time was spent talking administrators as well as watching laborers and directors at and coming back from the coal face, or more ground in charge rooms and during responsibility gatherings. No earlier theories were made; rather rich depictions and clarifications were developed utilizing subjective coding strategies. They found that collieries benefit focuses officially controlled through financial plans that took care of responsibility frameworks from the pit, through the area, eventually to the HQ in the London. There are other a few practices of unrestrained choice. In this article fundamental spotlight in made on Darwins hypothesis of assessment which reflects subjective appraisal and estimation in positive research. This Darwins hypothesis of assessment could be bifurcated into following a few sections (Waymire, 2014). The principal period of Darwins hypothesis of assessment related with gathering essential and auxiliary subjective information. These gathered information is conveyed by examiners others partners to assess on what premise bookkeeper has arranged budget summary. In Darwins hypothesis of assessment, center is made to distinguish. It is seen that in the event that examiner utilizes reasonable model, at that point it would result into the fundamental degree of mistakes. There are other a few models which have been utilized in positive bookkeeping research practice, for example, theoretical test and cosmology and epistemology (Fang, et al. 2014). Huge Of Positive Accounting Research The principle critical of this positive research bookkeeping is connected with how records settle on their choices. This exploration has went with the subtleties which mirrors the human conduct and their motivation and impacts connection. This examination has been set up so as to give the center part of positive bookkeeping research. There are a few significant components which have been distinguished in this exploration that gives how bookkeeping research practice could be valuable for foundation of harmonization in bookkeeper and inspectors practices (Slater, et al. 2014). It is likewise seen that there are a few structures and models use in this reports which gives how positive bookkeeping research practice could be utilized by bookkeeper for compelling bookkeeping practice. There are a few other connection and individual hypotheses and practices have been utilized in positive bookkeeping practice which is center elements for impacting human conduct. There is other reasonable and individual practice in positive bookkeeping research have been assessed which reflects human conduct and factors which impact bookkeeper conduct. At long last it would be gathered tha

Personality Disorders

Look into Types of Personality Disorders Written Assignment 5: Compare and Contrast Types of Personality Disorders and Identifying the Three Clusters into Which Most Personality Disorders are Grouped By: Keturah Albright Abnormal Psychology HDV-284074-01X-10FA2 Professor/Instructor: Jonathan Gibralter Compare and Contrast Types of Personality Disorders Personality issue is characterized as, steady improvement of unbendable and twisted character and standards of conduct that bring about tirelessly maladaptive methods of seeing, pondering, and identifying with the world. p. 431Butcher, James N. ) It is essential to comprehend the significance of character issue, so as to appropriately diagnosing an individual. Society will in general spot this name on people who they feel show attributes taking after a â€Å"personality disorder’. There are three bunches in which character issue are set in. Group A: Consists of jumpy, schizoid, and schizotypal character issue. Individuals with these disarranges frequently appear to be odd or offbeat, with uncommon conduct extending from doubt and dubious to social detachment.Cluster B: Includes theatrical, narcissistic, solitary, and marginal character issue. People with these scatters share an inclination to be sensational, enthusiastic, and whimsical. Bunch C: Includes avoidant, ward, and over the top habitual character issue. In Contrast to the next two groups, individuals with these disarranges frequently show nervousness and bravery. (p 342, Butcher, James N. ) There are a few manners by which these three groups of character issue can be compared.All three bunches have character issue that would have the individual to concentrate on the necessities of themselves and nobody else, their requirements start things out and for most and they may feel advocated by their activities. The vast majority of these people are said to experience the ill effects of, â€Å"chronic relational challenges and issues with one’s p ersonality or feeling of self. †(p. 341, Butcher, James N. )Every one of the three groups of character issue will in general have people who come up short on the capacity to work regularly in the public eye on a steady basis.All three bunches intellectually have an extraordinary misguided feeling of reality that makes them act in a guarded/defensive way. Just as the greater part of the bunches have suggestive indiscreet conduct. Regularly every one of the three bunches can be treated with some sort of treatment. There are likewise differentiating conduct that characterizes the various bunches. Group A: Feels as if others are abusing them or exploiting them, while Cluster B: realize physical mischief to others with no remorse.Cluster C: Has a requirement for others to play a lead job in there life for significant things, while Cluster B: Seeks to misuse others. Likewise, Cluster A: Has odd accepts and mystical reasoning that they take trust in, and Cluster B: Has a dread of bei ng disregarded to fight for themselves. In all there are things that can be looked into with Clusters: A, B, and C, however the primary concern to comprehend is that every one of them are genuine character issue that with the best possible direction can be dealt with some sort of treatment (and relying upon the seriousness, medicine as well).Personality issue if not appropriately analyzed could make incredible damage the person just as the general public in which they live. Reference Butcher, James N. , Mineka, Susan and Hooley, Jill M. (2010). Strange Psychology. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon Abnormal Psychology, DVD 105, CDL Course 284074 http://emedicine. medscape. com/article/294307 [pic][pic][pic]

Providing Positive Reinforcement for Autistic Students

Providing Positive Reinforcement for Autistic Students Practical and easy-to-follow advice for providing positive behavioral reinforcement to students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Written by noted ASD researcher and expert Dr. Janine Stichter, this resource includes an overview of reinforcement concepts, a breakdown of the levels of reinforcement, and more than 10 hands-on tips for providing positive reinforcement in classroom and one-on-one settings. If you're struggling to find ways to give positive reinforcement, or just need some fresh tips and suggestions, this resource is an excellent way to foster and reinforce positive classroom behavior with students who have ASD. Subjects: Social and Emotional Development (114) Social Skills (46) Mental Health (43) TYPE: Teaching Resource (1,011) iSocial, the University of Missouri, and the  Thompson Center for Autism and  Neurodevelopmental Disorders. The 32 lessons developed as part of this research-based collaboration have proven  efficacy in helping children with autism develop socialization skills. Seven years of research and studies in 60 schools  show that significant improvements can be made. For more information on how you can help children with autism and  support school requirements, please visit the iSocial website.?

Cultural Identity - 1133 Words

According to the Hay’s addressing model, my cultural identities as a Latina woman of low socioeconomic status makes me part of non-dominant groups. My identities set me apart from the majority population which means that; I am perceived inferior than those of dominant groups. My lineage constitutes of indigenous ancestors that like me, share a darker skin tone that till this day is seen imperfect. My parents immigrated to this country in 1996, a year before I was born. My father and his family originate from Oaxaca, Mexico which is one of the most southern states in Mexico. My mother and her family originate from Michoacà ¡n, Mexico but grew up in Baja California. Like many Mexican immigrants, my parents came to this country to work and to†¦show more content†¦I realized how there were a lot fewer brown students in this whole city than in my high school. This phenomenon of being culture shocked made me realize that I just entered a school where I wasn t just a studen t, but I was female Latina from a low socioeconomic background. College has made my identities stand out and because of it, they are more important and relevant in my everyday life. Race is based on how different I physically look between other groups of people. I am then part of the Latinx group. My ethnicity is belonging to a group where I share commonalities like language, history, and traditions. I fit in best with the Mexican American group. Being part of the Latinx community is much easier than being part of the Mexican American community because it s a lot broader and many people can fit under this umbrella. The conflict with being part of the Mexican American group is not really being able to fit under Mexican culture or American culture. It is like a limbo type scenario. A familiar saying that many Mexican American youth say is, â€Å"Ni de aqui, ni de alla† translating to â€Å"not from here nor from there.† As Latina woman of lower-class status my experience s have shaped me enormously. Within the Latinx culture the expectations between men and women are conflicting in today’s views and movements but, my parents instilled the expectations that they also grow up in. As a Latina female, I grow up learning how to clean, cook, and take careShow MoreRelatedEssay On Cultural Identity1114 Words   |  5 PagesCulture identity development is an important part of every life due the emergence of self through primary and sociocultural contexts (Ecklund, 2016). These stages of development are made up of either a dominant or a non-dominant group and intersectional adaptation. More specifically, cultural identity is a self-construct where individuals share the same culture, which causes them to attribute themselves to that group (Ecklund, 2016). Being a part of the dominant culture in the United States has openedRead MoreThe Current Challenges of Cultural Identity Essay974 Words   |  4 PagesCultural identity refers to the feeling belongin g to a certain culture that is attributed to the upbringing of an individual in the given culture. Cultural identity gives a person the sense of belonging and belonging towards their culture. Modern cultural studies show that cultural identification has taken a new face. Various cultural identifiers can be used to identify the culture of an individual. These identifiers include nationality, language, location, gender, religious beliefs, history, andRead MoreCultural Identity And Cultural Values1614 Words   |  7 Pagesbecomes internalized and therefore is a driving force in the formation of our unique identities. Cultural identity thus becomes an expression of our governing systems of kinship, ethnicity, race and religion, interacting with the social, economic and political world around us (Hall, 1995). In this way, cultural identity represents the extent we feel connected to and a part of a given cultural group. While identity formation is a fluid construct which is subject to ev olution and influence, one couldRead MoreCultural Identity1083 Words   |  5 PagesLaurel Monk 03.04.2015 Mrs. Erica Secor Cultural Identity Paper Culture in today’s society has become a very big deal. Different types of culture evolve every day, based on the new ways that are emerging and the opinions different groups of people are coming together to believe in. Each person can socially identify with many different cultures and subcultures based on the things they believe in and like to do. They can also be based on things like how they were raised and the people who influencedRead MoreEthnic Identity And Cultural Identity1204 Words   |  5 PagesEthnic identity much like racial identity is difficult to clearly discern and delineate. As a social construct, it is an umbrella term that mark a group affiliation to a common origin, culture, religion, or geography; it consists of shared traditions, behaviors, values and beliefs. (Waters, 1990) Outlining the elements and components of ethnic identity, Phinney and Ong (2007) stress its multidimensionality and dynamism, it encompasses several cultural, linguistic, behavioral features as well as beingRead MoreMy Cultural Identity1173 Words   |  5 Pagesdon’t know very well- ourselves.† Writing about my values has gave me a better understanding of who I am. I now understand the several ways my culture has shaped me to become who I am. My cultural autobiography will allow me to reveal who I truly am by understanding my cultural identity. My cultural identity is the combination of my worldview and values as well as my position in the eight microcultures. My worldview is that I get what I give. I believe I only get out what I put inRead MoreStuart Halls Cultural Identity and Diaspora1599 Words   |  7 PagesOuahani Nasr-edine A Paper about Stuart Hall’s article: Cultural Identity and Diaspora Stuart hall talks about the crucial role of the â€Å"Third Cinemas† in promoting the Afro-Caribbean cultural identities, the Diaspora hybridity and difference. Hall argues that the role of the â€Å"Third Cinemas† is not simply to reflect what is already there; rather, their crucial role is to produce representations which constantly constitute the third world’s peoples as new subjects against their representationsRead MoreLanguage And Cultural Identity Essay958 Words   |  4 PagesMaintaining cultural identity Over the last few decades, the relationship between language and cultural identities have become a preferred topic in learning the importance of language in maintaining cultural identity. The question that keeps popping up concerns, the role of language in keeping these social aspects. For instance, how language is important in maintaining cultural identity when people migrate from one nation to another. Perhaps, when people immigrate to a new country their cultural identityRead MoreMy Cultural Identity Essay1258 Words   |  6 PagesCultural Identity Essay Krishal Sharma | Period: 2 | 9/15/17#1 Everyone has their own, one of a kind cultural identity and culture. Your culture could be anything like an interest in technology or what hobbies you like even food. My cultural identity would not exist if it wasn t for what I value the most and what I love the most. In the world, nowadays people like a lot of things such as music. But what I like is completely different, There is one that influences my cultural identity andRead MoreMy Paper On Cultural Identity1140 Words   |  5 Pages My paper was based on the first topic about how someone’s life history can tell you about their cultural identity. The person I interviewed was a second generation 32 year old immigrant from Mexico. She is a very kind person, with such an adventurous personality. My plan was to ask several questions about her life, as well as what she has faced. This is so I can learn more from her and her culture. I asked a couple of questions about her life and practices to figure out how family and changes helped

The Decision Act, Pure Rule, And Pseudo Rule Utilitarianism

The Decision: Act, pure Rule, and pseudo-Rule Utilitarianism In this paper I will explain how Act Utilitarianism, pure Rule Utilitarianism, and pseudo-Rule Utilitarianism would differ in their reasoning regarding the case of Al and Betty. With each method of reasoning, I evaluate the situation without background or moral assumptions of each character, and then separately with the assumption that while Al was away Betty became chronically ill and has one day left to live. When evaluating a specific situation with Act Utilitarianism, one must evaluate every instance of that act. The act has to result in the best consequences for the greatest number of individuals. When evaluating Betty’s choices, it would be the moral choice for her to throw the party if by doing so, the happiness produced would be equal or greater than the other things she could be doing at that time. Betty assumes that Al would be opposed to her throwing a party at his place in his absence, but she never actually asks him. Throwing the party could be a great experience for Betty. She could have an amazing time along with all of her friends. However, the consequences of her actions are unknown, i.e. if Al would be upset. Also, we do not know how the party would turn out. Someone could break something or get injured and the party could be awful and not worth her betraying her friendship to Al for. Based on societal norms, without an extenuating circumstance, Betty’s throw ing the party seems deceptive andShow MoreRelatedLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages...................................................................................................vi CHAPTER 1 How to Reason Logically ........................................................................................ 1 Facing a Decision as a Critical Thinker ............................................................................................... 2 Advice for Logical Reasoners ...............................................................................................

Reliability and Validity Free Essays

Reliability and Validity Reliability and validity are important with any kind of research. Without them research and their results would be useless. This paper will define the types of reliability and validity as well as give examples of each. We will write a custom essay sample on Reliability and Validity or any similar topic only for you Order Now Both the data collection methods and the data collection instruments used in human services research will also be given. This paper will also look into why it is important to ensure that data collection methods as well as the instruments are reliable and valid. Reliability There are several kinds of reliability used in research. The first kind is the alternate-form reliability. This kind of reliability consists of the degree of relatedness of different forms of the same test. For example, a psychological tests where the questions are changed. The second kind is the internal-consistency reliability. This kind of reliability is the overall degree of relatedness of all items in a test or raters in a judgment study. Internal-consistency is measured between different items on the same test. An example of this would be If a respondent expressed agreement with the statements â€Å"I like to eat frozen chocolate† and â€Å"I’ve enjoyed eating frozen chocolate in the past,† and disagreement with the statement â€Å"I hate frozen chocolate,† this would be indicative of good internal consistency of the test. The third kind is the item-to-item reliability. This kind of reliability is the reliability of any single item on average. An example of this would be the reliability of two items such as a construction worker’s hammers that are identical. The last kind of reliability that I will discuss is the test-retest reliability. This kind of reliability consists of the degree of temporal stability (relatedness) of a measuring instrument or test, or the characteristic it is designed to evaluate, from one administration to another (Rosnow, 2008). Statics. com (n. d). states, â€Å"a group of respondents is tested for IQ scores: each respondent is tested twice – the two tests are, say, a month apart. Then, the correlation coefficient between two sets of IQ-scores is a reasonable measure of the test-retest reliability of this test. † (Para. ) It is more reliable because the scores are on average between two separate situations. Validity Proving that the results of the research are correct is called validity. Construct validity refers to whether a scale measures or correlates with the theorized method. An example of this is an employer using selection methods to measure the degree to which a possible new employee has ps ychological traits called constructs. This includes verbal ability, intelligence, mechanical ability, and leadership ability. Content validity is the sampling of the relevant material or content that a test intends to measure. An example would be a typing test for a secretary or a test of checkbook balancing for an accountant. Convergent and discriminant validity is the grounds established for a construct based on the convergence of related tests or behavior (convergent validity) and the distinctiveness of unrelated tests or behavior (discriminant validity). An example of this Trochim (2006), states â€Å"to show the discriminant validity of a Head Start program, we might gather evidence that shows that the program is not similar to other early childhood programs that don’t label themselves as Head Start programs. Or, to show the discriminant validity of a test of arithmetic skills, we might correlate the scores on our test with scores on tests that of verbal ability, where low correlations would be evidence of discriminant validity. † (Para. 10) Criterion validity is the degree to which a test or questionnaire predicts an outcome based on information from other variables. An example would be high school student’s grades predict his or her success in college. External validity is the generalization of an inferred causal relationship over different people, settings, manipulations (or treatments), and research outcomes. An example would be using a sample from a population. Face validity is a property of a test intended to measure something. It is the validity of a test at face value or the degree to which a test or other instrument â€Å"looks as if† it is measuring something relevant. An example would be if you have a test to measure whether students can read at a fifth grade level, and the people you show it to all agree that it looks like a good test of fifth grade reading ability, the face validity of the test is shown. Internal validity is the soundness of statements about whether one variable is the caused of a particular outcome. An example would be manipulating the variable in a scientific experiment. Statistical-conclusion validity is the degree to which conclusions about the relationship among variables based on the data are correct or ‘reasonable’. An example would be doing a study on the relationship between socioeconomic status and attitudes about free health care. Based on the data, it may be concluded that persons with lower economic status tend to be more opposed. Conclusion validity is the degree to which the conclusion reached is credible or believable (Rosnow, 2008). Data Collection Methods in Human Services Data collections methods include experiments, clinical trials observing and recording and events, obtaining relevant data from management information systems, and administering surveys with closed-ended questions. It is important to ensure these data collection methods are both reliable and valid because if unreliable and invalid data is used the results of the research would be false. Data Collection Methods in Managerial Research Case studies reveal the strengths and weaknesses within the agency. Case studies analyze results of information obtained from cases pertaining to the population served. The cases are also evaluated against other case studies to see similarities and discrepancies. Case studies give human service agencies detailed information about the individual and population studied. Performance appraisal systems are used by managers to track employees work performance. It is important for these systems to be reliable to objectively and consistently measure the employee’s performance. All employees activities and result should be measured the same. Without reliability employees would not have faith in his or her manager and the appraisal process. Conclusion Reliability and validity enable human service professionals to use true data and obtain legitimate results. Using these types of reliability and validity allows researchers to provide clients and agencies sound, appropriate conclusions. Using data collection methods managers can improve employee performance and services provided to clients. Reliability and validity ensure accurate data is used in human services research. References Rosnow, R. L. (2008) Beginning Behavioral Research: A Conceptual Primer, Retrieved from How to cite Reliability and Validity, Essay examples

The Differences Between Men and Women in Occupation and Salary free essay sample

The obtainment of a college degree is no less a symbol of monetary equality than jobs not requiring a college degree. In occupations that have 99. 9% of its employees with college educations’ women are continuously slighted. The percentage differences are also astonishing in female laden occupations. Men make more than women in just about every occupation. Women can have a higher percentage of college graduates and will persistently make less than men. In occupations ranging from Chef Executives to Farmers and Ranchers women are paid less. On some occasions women can make between $10,000-$20,000 less than men. There are plenty of occupations which are heavy with males and others which are laden with females. In some of the occupations that women are employed more numerously than men, the pay differences are incredible. For instance, when it comes to Elementary and Middle School Teachers women outnumber men by more than a million and they still make more than ,000 less. We will write a custom essay sample on The Differences Between Men and Women in Occupation and Salary or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When it comes to Tire Builders, which is a male laden occupation, women make about $9,000 less. Females seem to get the short end of the salary stick in occupations laden with men in every occasion. It is very noticeable that women are discriminated against unfortunately. It seems to be safe to say that the difference in salary comes from decades of women in traditional roles. Women are slowly making progress and playing a constant game of â€Å"catch-up† to become economically equal with men. The main focus in my study will be to examine the economical comparisons of both men and women, the affects of this inequality in pay and ways to bridge the economical gap. 4 Review of the Literature I researched several articles that supported my thesis that women make less than men. Of the articles that I obtained, I discovered that the Equal Pay Act was established in 1963 but women are still economically inferior to men. According to the AFL-CIO (2005), nationwide, working families lose $200 billion of income annually to the wage gap. If women and men were paid equally the nation as a whole would benefit. The article â€Å"It’s Time for Working Women to Earn Equal Pay†, details the â€Å"cents on the dollar† that we’re shorted as a nation because of women earning less. Equal pay is a family issue according to the AFL-CIO (2005), and they maintain that family incomes rise and the whole family benefits as a result of equal pay. An article of note, was also the â€Å"40 years after Pay Equity Act, women still earn less than men†, I discovered that there is an Equal Pay Day which was Tuesday, April 19, 2005. According to the Coalition of Labor Union Women (2005), The National Committee on Pay Equity organizes this Day to raise awareness about unfair pay for women and people of color in America. What’s even more interesting is according to the Coalition of Labor Union of Women (2005), Tuesday symbolizes the day when women’s wages catch up to men’s wages from the previous week. The next question should be whether or not people are aware of the Equal Pay Day or the fact that it takes about a week for women’s wages to catch up to men’s. An Equal Pay Act has been in existence for 40 years yet it takes another week for women’s wages to catch up to men’s. It seems the wage differences aren’t that equal at all. Take the week that it takes for women’s wages to catch up to men’s and the fact that some women do work the same amount of 5 hours as men it seems as though there is no way for women to become economically equal any time soon. Burk (2005) states that even though the Equal Pay Act was passed more than 40 years ago, women working full time, year round, still make only 76 cents for every dollar that a man makes. Once again it is stated how the pay gap affects various aspects of everyday life for families. Burk (2005) mentions how the unequal income can be the difference in buying or renting a home, being able to send your kid to college and a decent retirement vs. penury in old age. However Burk (2005) also states the choices women make and how that makes a difference in their wages. Burk (2005) sarcastically posts the question, â€Å"Women just naturally like the jobs with lower pay or less risk? †. It obvious due to occupations such as working as a cashier at a convenience store or nursing, that women can have jobs that could possibly put them in harm’s way. Working in a convenience store can be dangerous late at night and working as nurse in an emergency unit can be extremely stressful. Even in these sorts of occupations women are still underpaid. A bill called the Fair Pay Act would stop discrimination in jobs that are equal in skill, effort, responsibility, and working conditions, even if the actual work is dissimilar, states Burk (2005). Some, however may feel as though women who are not doing the same work should not be paid the same wage regardless of skill, effort or any other job responsibility and that would more than likely become an issue. With the Fair Pay Act, employers would have to release summary statistics on what they pay women and men, so workers would know where hey stood in the workforce, according to Burk (2005). 6 Burk (2005) also mentions the important point that workplaces that claim to favor fairness should be glad to take an honest look at their practices and correct disparities now. This is a prohibitively logical attribute, because workplaces should leap at the opportunity to submit to these practices if they are paying men and women equally. Burk (2005) states that women currently have to go through a long drawn out process to see if the are being paid discriminatively, but with the statistics readily available, this expensive process could be avoided. The Coalition of Labor Union Women (2005) poses the question, â€Å"Why are women paid less than men† and offers several answers. The Coalition of Labor Union Women (2005), states that women don’t have equal job opportunities, or an equal chance at promotions, training and apprenticeships as some of the factors contributing to the pay inequality. Unfortunately as long as these opportunities are not as available for women, men will always dominate the wage gap. I also found some intriguing ways in which pay inequality may be alleviated. Tischler (2005) brings forth the fact that the pay gap doesn’t really become such until family responsibilities come in to the picture. Tischler (2005) states that when the division of labor occurs, most of the child-rearing duties and family responsibilities become the woman’s because men take on the good-provider role. Tischler (2005) lists picking technology or hard sciences over the arts or social sciences, work more hours, more weeks, and more years, sign up for a job with bottom-line responsibility and finding a field that entails financial or emotional risk taking as some solutions to the gender wage gap. Tishler(2005) also states that men are more willing to work in more â€Å"crummy† 7 conditions, such as in the North Sea oil rigs and are more willing to locate to more â€Å"unsexy† places. Tischler (2005) states that BLS chart of 20 Occupations That Pay the Most, 9 were various kinds of engineering jobs. Meanwhile, only 10% of engineering managers are women, although the BLS reported that the wages of women who took high-tech jobs increased more than twice as fast as for their male counterparts (Tischler 2005). Theory and Hypothesis I believe my two variables relate to each other very well. Gender (which is one variable) and salary (which is the other variable), correlate because whether or not you are a male or a female can determine some lifestyle choices. In an occupation that has a severe pay difference, it can show as a whole how much a woman is being economically cheated. According to the AFL-CIO (2005), the average working woman will lose about $455,000 to unequal pay during her working life. Half a million dollars loss to unequal pay is appalling. Your gender should not be a determinant of how economically well you are going to live throughout your life. There are numerous reasons why gender and salary depend on each other. Whether or not a person is a man or woman can determine who is going to handle household duties, who is biologically able to carry a child and who is going to miss work due to carrying a child. When a woman is 9 months pregnant it is highly unlikely that she will be able to continue working if she is employed in a highly physical occupation such as Brickmason. However, this is not the man’s fault, it just happens to be an unavoidable way for women to work in a highly physical job. When there is a family unit, an 8 abundance of times it is the woman who stays home to take care of the children while the man earns a living. Hence, moneymaking opportunities are decreased. My hypothesis is that men are more likely than women to have higher incomes’ regardless of occupation. Using data that I obtained from the U. S. Census Bureau (1999), I will demonstrate that women are continuously economically inferior, even in female dominated occupations. Methods I went to the web address http://www. census. gov/hhes/income/earnings/earnings. html, provided by Dr. Jedlicka, and I clicked on the link for both sexes, followed by the link for males, and then the link for females and printed the data for all three. I observed five of the highest populated occupations for both males and females combined.