Providing Positive Reinforcement for Autistic Students

Providing Positive Reinforcement for Autistic Students Practical and easy-to-follow advice for providing positive behavioral reinforcement to students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Written by noted ASD researcher and expert Dr. Janine Stichter, this resource includes an overview of reinforcement concepts, a breakdown of the levels of reinforcement, and more than 10 hands-on tips for providing positive reinforcement in classroom and one-on-one settings. If you're struggling to find ways to give positive reinforcement, or just need some fresh tips and suggestions, this resource is an excellent way to foster and reinforce positive classroom behavior with students who have ASD. Subjects: Social and Emotional Development (114) Social Skills (46) Mental Health (43) TYPE: Teaching Resource (1,011) iSocial, the University of Missouri, and the  Thompson Center for Autism and  Neurodevelopmental Disorders. The 32 lessons developed as part of this research-based collaboration have proven  efficacy in helping children with autism develop socialization skills. Seven years of research and studies in 60 schools  show that significant improvements can be made. For more information on how you can help children with autism and  support school requirements, please visit the iSocial website.?

Cultural Identity - 1133 Words

According to the Hay’s addressing model, my cultural identities as a Latina woman of low socioeconomic status makes me part of non-dominant groups. My identities set me apart from the majority population which means that; I am perceived inferior than those of dominant groups. My lineage constitutes of indigenous ancestors that like me, share a darker skin tone that till this day is seen imperfect. My parents immigrated to this country in 1996, a year before I was born. My father and his family originate from Oaxaca, Mexico which is one of the most southern states in Mexico. My mother and her family originate from Michoacà ¡n, Mexico but grew up in Baja California. Like many Mexican immigrants, my parents came to this country to work and to†¦show more content†¦I realized how there were a lot fewer brown students in this whole city than in my high school. This phenomenon of being culture shocked made me realize that I just entered a school where I wasn t just a studen t, but I was female Latina from a low socioeconomic background. College has made my identities stand out and because of it, they are more important and relevant in my everyday life. Race is based on how different I physically look between other groups of people. I am then part of the Latinx group. My ethnicity is belonging to a group where I share commonalities like language, history, and traditions. I fit in best with the Mexican American group. Being part of the Latinx community is much easier than being part of the Mexican American community because it s a lot broader and many people can fit under this umbrella. The conflict with being part of the Mexican American group is not really being able to fit under Mexican culture or American culture. It is like a limbo type scenario. A familiar saying that many Mexican American youth say is, â€Å"Ni de aqui, ni de alla† translating to â€Å"not from here nor from there.† As Latina woman of lower-class status my experience s have shaped me enormously. Within the Latinx culture the expectations between men and women are conflicting in today’s views and movements but, my parents instilled the expectations that they also grow up in. As a Latina female, I grow up learning how to clean, cook, and take careShow MoreRelatedEssay On Cultural Identity1114 Words   |  5 PagesCulture identity development is an important part of every life due the emergence of self through primary and sociocultural contexts (Ecklund, 2016). These stages of development are made up of either a dominant or a non-dominant group and intersectional adaptation. More specifically, cultural identity is a self-construct where individuals share the same culture, which causes them to attribute themselves to that group (Ecklund, 2016). Being a part of the dominant culture in the United States has openedRead MoreThe Current Challenges of Cultural Identity Essay974 Words   |  4 PagesCultural identity refers to the feeling belongin g to a certain culture that is attributed to the upbringing of an individual in the given culture. Cultural identity gives a person the sense of belonging and belonging towards their culture. Modern cultural studies show that cultural identification has taken a new face. Various cultural identifiers can be used to identify the culture of an individual. These identifiers include nationality, language, location, gender, religious beliefs, history, andRead MoreCultural Identity And Cultural Values1614 Words   |  7 Pagesbecomes internalized and therefore is a driving force in the formation of our unique identities. Cultural identity thus becomes an expression of our governing systems of kinship, ethnicity, race and religion, interacting with the social, economic and political world around us (Hall, 1995). In this way, cultural identity represents the extent we feel connected to and a part of a given cultural group. While identity formation is a fluid construct which is subject to ev olution and influence, one couldRead MoreCultural Identity1083 Words   |  5 PagesLaurel Monk 03.04.2015 Mrs. Erica Secor Cultural Identity Paper Culture in today’s society has become a very big deal. Different types of culture evolve every day, based on the new ways that are emerging and the opinions different groups of people are coming together to believe in. Each person can socially identify with many different cultures and subcultures based on the things they believe in and like to do. They can also be based on things like how they were raised and the people who influencedRead MoreEthnic Identity And Cultural Identity1204 Words   |  5 PagesEthnic identity much like racial identity is difficult to clearly discern and delineate. As a social construct, it is an umbrella term that mark a group affiliation to a common origin, culture, religion, or geography; it consists of shared traditions, behaviors, values and beliefs. (Waters, 1990) Outlining the elements and components of ethnic identity, Phinney and Ong (2007) stress its multidimensionality and dynamism, it encompasses several cultural, linguistic, behavioral features as well as beingRead MoreMy Cultural Identity1173 Words   |  5 Pagesdon’t know very well- ourselves.† Writing about my values has gave me a better understanding of who I am. I now understand the several ways my culture has shaped me to become who I am. My cultural autobiography will allow me to reveal who I truly am by understanding my cultural identity. My cultural identity is the combination of my worldview and values as well as my position in the eight microcultures. My worldview is that I get what I give. I believe I only get out what I put inRead MoreStuart Halls Cultural Identity and Diaspora1599 Words   |  7 PagesOuahani Nasr-edine A Paper about Stuart Hall’s article: Cultural Identity and Diaspora Stuart hall talks about the crucial role of the â€Å"Third Cinemas† in promoting the Afro-Caribbean cultural identities, the Diaspora hybridity and difference. Hall argues that the role of the â€Å"Third Cinemas† is not simply to reflect what is already there; rather, their crucial role is to produce representations which constantly constitute the third world’s peoples as new subjects against their representationsRead MoreLanguage And Cultural Identity Essay958 Words   |  4 PagesMaintaining cultural identity Over the last few decades, the relationship between language and cultural identities have become a preferred topic in learning the importance of language in maintaining cultural identity. The question that keeps popping up concerns, the role of language in keeping these social aspects. For instance, how language is important in maintaining cultural identity when people migrate from one nation to another. Perhaps, when people immigrate to a new country their cultural identityRead MoreMy Cultural Identity Essay1258 Words   |  6 PagesCultural Identity Essay Krishal Sharma | Period: 2 | 9/15/17#1 Everyone has their own, one of a kind cultural identity and culture. Your culture could be anything like an interest in technology or what hobbies you like even food. My cultural identity would not exist if it wasn t for what I value the most and what I love the most. In the world, nowadays people like a lot of things such as music. But what I like is completely different, There is one that influences my cultural identity andRead MoreMy Paper On Cultural Identity1140 Words   |  5 Pages My paper was based on the first topic about how someone’s life history can tell you about their cultural identity. The person I interviewed was a second generation 32 year old immigrant from Mexico. She is a very kind person, with such an adventurous personality. My plan was to ask several questions about her life, as well as what she has faced. This is so I can learn more from her and her culture. I asked a couple of questions about her life and practices to figure out how family and changes helped

The Decision Act, Pure Rule, And Pseudo Rule Utilitarianism

The Decision: Act, pure Rule, and pseudo-Rule Utilitarianism In this paper I will explain how Act Utilitarianism, pure Rule Utilitarianism, and pseudo-Rule Utilitarianism would differ in their reasoning regarding the case of Al and Betty. With each method of reasoning, I evaluate the situation without background or moral assumptions of each character, and then separately with the assumption that while Al was away Betty became chronically ill and has one day left to live. When evaluating a specific situation with Act Utilitarianism, one must evaluate every instance of that act. The act has to result in the best consequences for the greatest number of individuals. When evaluating Betty’s choices, it would be the moral choice for her to throw the party if by doing so, the happiness produced would be equal or greater than the other things she could be doing at that time. Betty assumes that Al would be opposed to her throwing a party at his place in his absence, but she never actually asks him. Throwing the party could be a great experience for Betty. She could have an amazing time along with all of her friends. However, the consequences of her actions are unknown, i.e. if Al would be upset. Also, we do not know how the party would turn out. Someone could break something or get injured and the party could be awful and not worth her betraying her friendship to Al for. Based on societal norms, without an extenuating circumstance, Betty’s throw ing the party seems deceptive andShow MoreRelatedLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages...................................................................................................vi CHAPTER 1 How to Reason Logically ........................................................................................ 1 Facing a Decision as a Critical Thinker ............................................................................................... 2 Advice for Logical Reasoners ...............................................................................................

Reliability and Validity Free Essays

Reliability and Validity Reliability and validity are important with any kind of research. Without them research and their results would be useless. This paper will define the types of reliability and validity as well as give examples of each. We will write a custom essay sample on Reliability and Validity or any similar topic only for you Order Now Both the data collection methods and the data collection instruments used in human services research will also be given. This paper will also look into why it is important to ensure that data collection methods as well as the instruments are reliable and valid. Reliability There are several kinds of reliability used in research. The first kind is the alternate-form reliability. This kind of reliability consists of the degree of relatedness of different forms of the same test. For example, a psychological tests where the questions are changed. The second kind is the internal-consistency reliability. This kind of reliability is the overall degree of relatedness of all items in a test or raters in a judgment study. Internal-consistency is measured between different items on the same test. An example of this would be If a respondent expressed agreement with the statements â€Å"I like to eat frozen chocolate† and â€Å"I’ve enjoyed eating frozen chocolate in the past,† and disagreement with the statement â€Å"I hate frozen chocolate,† this would be indicative of good internal consistency of the test. The third kind is the item-to-item reliability. This kind of reliability is the reliability of any single item on average. An example of this would be the reliability of two items such as a construction worker’s hammers that are identical. The last kind of reliability that I will discuss is the test-retest reliability. This kind of reliability consists of the degree of temporal stability (relatedness) of a measuring instrument or test, or the characteristic it is designed to evaluate, from one administration to another (Rosnow, 2008). Statics. com (n. d). states, â€Å"a group of respondents is tested for IQ scores: each respondent is tested twice – the two tests are, say, a month apart. Then, the correlation coefficient between two sets of IQ-scores is a reasonable measure of the test-retest reliability of this test. † (Para. ) It is more reliable because the scores are on average between two separate situations. Validity Proving that the results of the research are correct is called validity. Construct validity refers to whether a scale measures or correlates with the theorized method. An example of this is an employer using selection methods to measure the degree to which a possible new employee has ps ychological traits called constructs. This includes verbal ability, intelligence, mechanical ability, and leadership ability. Content validity is the sampling of the relevant material or content that a test intends to measure. An example would be a typing test for a secretary or a test of checkbook balancing for an accountant. Convergent and discriminant validity is the grounds established for a construct based on the convergence of related tests or behavior (convergent validity) and the distinctiveness of unrelated tests or behavior (discriminant validity). An example of this Trochim (2006), states â€Å"to show the discriminant validity of a Head Start program, we might gather evidence that shows that the program is not similar to other early childhood programs that don’t label themselves as Head Start programs. Or, to show the discriminant validity of a test of arithmetic skills, we might correlate the scores on our test with scores on tests that of verbal ability, where low correlations would be evidence of discriminant validity. † (Para. 10) Criterion validity is the degree to which a test or questionnaire predicts an outcome based on information from other variables. An example would be high school student’s grades predict his or her success in college. External validity is the generalization of an inferred causal relationship over different people, settings, manipulations (or treatments), and research outcomes. An example would be using a sample from a population. Face validity is a property of a test intended to measure something. It is the validity of a test at face value or the degree to which a test or other instrument â€Å"looks as if† it is measuring something relevant. An example would be if you have a test to measure whether students can read at a fifth grade level, and the people you show it to all agree that it looks like a good test of fifth grade reading ability, the face validity of the test is shown. Internal validity is the soundness of statements about whether one variable is the caused of a particular outcome. An example would be manipulating the variable in a scientific experiment. Statistical-conclusion validity is the degree to which conclusions about the relationship among variables based on the data are correct or ‘reasonable’. An example would be doing a study on the relationship between socioeconomic status and attitudes about free health care. Based on the data, it may be concluded that persons with lower economic status tend to be more opposed. Conclusion validity is the degree to which the conclusion reached is credible or believable (Rosnow, 2008). Data Collection Methods in Human Services Data collections methods include experiments, clinical trials observing and recording and events, obtaining relevant data from management information systems, and administering surveys with closed-ended questions. It is important to ensure these data collection methods are both reliable and valid because if unreliable and invalid data is used the results of the research would be false. Data Collection Methods in Managerial Research Case studies reveal the strengths and weaknesses within the agency. Case studies analyze results of information obtained from cases pertaining to the population served. The cases are also evaluated against other case studies to see similarities and discrepancies. Case studies give human service agencies detailed information about the individual and population studied. Performance appraisal systems are used by managers to track employees work performance. It is important for these systems to be reliable to objectively and consistently measure the employee’s performance. All employees activities and result should be measured the same. Without reliability employees would not have faith in his or her manager and the appraisal process. Conclusion Reliability and validity enable human service professionals to use true data and obtain legitimate results. Using these types of reliability and validity allows researchers to provide clients and agencies sound, appropriate conclusions. Using data collection methods managers can improve employee performance and services provided to clients. Reliability and validity ensure accurate data is used in human services research. References Rosnow, R. L. (2008) Beginning Behavioral Research: A Conceptual Primer, Retrieved from How to cite Reliability and Validity, Essay examples

The Differences Between Men and Women in Occupation and Salary free essay sample

The obtainment of a college degree is no less a symbol of monetary equality than jobs not requiring a college degree. In occupations that have 99. 9% of its employees with college educations’ women are continuously slighted. The percentage differences are also astonishing in female laden occupations. Men make more than women in just about every occupation. Women can have a higher percentage of college graduates and will persistently make less than men. In occupations ranging from Chef Executives to Farmers and Ranchers women are paid less. On some occasions women can make between $10,000-$20,000 less than men. There are plenty of occupations which are heavy with males and others which are laden with females. In some of the occupations that women are employed more numerously than men, the pay differences are incredible. For instance, when it comes to Elementary and Middle School Teachers women outnumber men by more than a million and they still make more than ,000 less. We will write a custom essay sample on The Differences Between Men and Women in Occupation and Salary or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When it comes to Tire Builders, which is a male laden occupation, women make about $9,000 less. Females seem to get the short end of the salary stick in occupations laden with men in every occasion. It is very noticeable that women are discriminated against unfortunately. It seems to be safe to say that the difference in salary comes from decades of women in traditional roles. Women are slowly making progress and playing a constant game of â€Å"catch-up† to become economically equal with men. The main focus in my study will be to examine the economical comparisons of both men and women, the affects of this inequality in pay and ways to bridge the economical gap. 4 Review of the Literature I researched several articles that supported my thesis that women make less than men. Of the articles that I obtained, I discovered that the Equal Pay Act was established in 1963 but women are still economically inferior to men. According to the AFL-CIO (2005), nationwide, working families lose $200 billion of income annually to the wage gap. If women and men were paid equally the nation as a whole would benefit. The article â€Å"It’s Time for Working Women to Earn Equal Pay†, details the â€Å"cents on the dollar† that we’re shorted as a nation because of women earning less. Equal pay is a family issue according to the AFL-CIO (2005), and they maintain that family incomes rise and the whole family benefits as a result of equal pay. An article of note, was also the â€Å"40 years after Pay Equity Act, women still earn less than men†, I discovered that there is an Equal Pay Day which was Tuesday, April 19, 2005. According to the Coalition of Labor Union Women (2005), The National Committee on Pay Equity organizes this Day to raise awareness about unfair pay for women and people of color in America. What’s even more interesting is according to the Coalition of Labor Union of Women (2005), Tuesday symbolizes the day when women’s wages catch up to men’s wages from the previous week. The next question should be whether or not people are aware of the Equal Pay Day or the fact that it takes about a week for women’s wages to catch up to men’s. An Equal Pay Act has been in existence for 40 years yet it takes another week for women’s wages to catch up to men’s. It seems the wage differences aren’t that equal at all. Take the week that it takes for women’s wages to catch up to men’s and the fact that some women do work the same amount of 5 hours as men it seems as though there is no way for women to become economically equal any time soon. Burk (2005) states that even though the Equal Pay Act was passed more than 40 years ago, women working full time, year round, still make only 76 cents for every dollar that a man makes. Once again it is stated how the pay gap affects various aspects of everyday life for families. Burk (2005) mentions how the unequal income can be the difference in buying or renting a home, being able to send your kid to college and a decent retirement vs. penury in old age. However Burk (2005) also states the choices women make and how that makes a difference in their wages. Burk (2005) sarcastically posts the question, â€Å"Women just naturally like the jobs with lower pay or less risk? †. It obvious due to occupations such as working as a cashier at a convenience store or nursing, that women can have jobs that could possibly put them in harm’s way. Working in a convenience store can be dangerous late at night and working as nurse in an emergency unit can be extremely stressful. Even in these sorts of occupations women are still underpaid. A bill called the Fair Pay Act would stop discrimination in jobs that are equal in skill, effort, responsibility, and working conditions, even if the actual work is dissimilar, states Burk (2005). Some, however may feel as though women who are not doing the same work should not be paid the same wage regardless of skill, effort or any other job responsibility and that would more than likely become an issue. With the Fair Pay Act, employers would have to release summary statistics on what they pay women and men, so workers would know where hey stood in the workforce, according to Burk (2005). 6 Burk (2005) also mentions the important point that workplaces that claim to favor fairness should be glad to take an honest look at their practices and correct disparities now. This is a prohibitively logical attribute, because workplaces should leap at the opportunity to submit to these practices if they are paying men and women equally. Burk (2005) states that women currently have to go through a long drawn out process to see if the are being paid discriminatively, but with the statistics readily available, this expensive process could be avoided. The Coalition of Labor Union Women (2005) poses the question, â€Å"Why are women paid less than men† and offers several answers. The Coalition of Labor Union Women (2005), states that women don’t have equal job opportunities, or an equal chance at promotions, training and apprenticeships as some of the factors contributing to the pay inequality. Unfortunately as long as these opportunities are not as available for women, men will always dominate the wage gap. I also found some intriguing ways in which pay inequality may be alleviated. Tischler (2005) brings forth the fact that the pay gap doesn’t really become such until family responsibilities come in to the picture. Tischler (2005) states that when the division of labor occurs, most of the child-rearing duties and family responsibilities become the woman’s because men take on the good-provider role. Tischler (2005) lists picking technology or hard sciences over the arts or social sciences, work more hours, more weeks, and more years, sign up for a job with bottom-line responsibility and finding a field that entails financial or emotional risk taking as some solutions to the gender wage gap. Tishler(2005) also states that men are more willing to work in more â€Å"crummy† 7 conditions, such as in the North Sea oil rigs and are more willing to locate to more â€Å"unsexy† places. Tischler (2005) states that BLS chart of 20 Occupations That Pay the Most, 9 were various kinds of engineering jobs. Meanwhile, only 10% of engineering managers are women, although the BLS reported that the wages of women who took high-tech jobs increased more than twice as fast as for their male counterparts (Tischler 2005). Theory and Hypothesis I believe my two variables relate to each other very well. Gender (which is one variable) and salary (which is the other variable), correlate because whether or not you are a male or a female can determine some lifestyle choices. In an occupation that has a severe pay difference, it can show as a whole how much a woman is being economically cheated. According to the AFL-CIO (2005), the average working woman will lose about $455,000 to unequal pay during her working life. Half a million dollars loss to unequal pay is appalling. Your gender should not be a determinant of how economically well you are going to live throughout your life. There are numerous reasons why gender and salary depend on each other. Whether or not a person is a man or woman can determine who is going to handle household duties, who is biologically able to carry a child and who is going to miss work due to carrying a child. When a woman is 9 months pregnant it is highly unlikely that she will be able to continue working if she is employed in a highly physical occupation such as Brickmason. However, this is not the man’s fault, it just happens to be an unavoidable way for women to work in a highly physical job. When there is a family unit, an 8 abundance of times it is the woman who stays home to take care of the children while the man earns a living. Hence, moneymaking opportunities are decreased. My hypothesis is that men are more likely than women to have higher incomes’ regardless of occupation. Using data that I obtained from the U. S. Census Bureau (1999), I will demonstrate that women are continuously economically inferior, even in female dominated occupations. Methods I went to the web address http://www. census. gov/hhes/income/earnings/earnings. html, provided by Dr. Jedlicka, and I clicked on the link for both sexes, followed by the link for males, and then the link for females and printed the data for all three. I observed five of the highest populated occupations for both males and females combined.

More Amazing Recommendation Letter Samples from Teachers (Part 2)

More Amazing Recommendation Letter Samples from Teachers (Part 2) SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Last time we review how you would go about writing great recommendation for a student strong in literature or engineering (click here to see that post!) This time, we continue the series and go over a strong social science recommendation as well as a general hard-wroker recommendation. Update: We just made our two-part guide one-part. You can access it all here: Go to our full recommendation guide! What's Next? // Are you a teacher writing recommendations for your students? Read all about how to write an outstanding recommendation letter for your students, along with what not to include. Are you or a student you work with applying to a selective school, like Harvard? Learn about what kind of letter she should get for the Ivy League. Now that you've read these examples of strong teacher recommendation letters, check out these examples of bad ones. Warning: rec letters may appear better than they actually are. Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

How Womens Heart Attack Symptoms Differ from Mens

How Women's Heart Attack Symptoms Differ from Men's Research by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) indicates that women often experience new or different physical symptoms as long as a month or more before experiencing heart attacks. Among the 515 women studied, 95% said they knew their symptoms were new or different a month or more before experiencing their heart attack, or Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI). The symptoms most commonly reported were unusual fatigue (70.6%), sleep disturbance (47.8%), and shortness of breath (42.1%). Many women never had chest pains Surprisingly, fewer than 30% reported having chest pain or discomfort prior to their heart attacks, and 43% reported have no chest pain during any phase of the attack. Most doctors, however, continue to consider chest pain as the most important heart attack symptom in both women and men. The 2003 NIH study, titled Womens Early Warning Symptoms of AMI, is one of the first to investigate womens experience with heart attacks, and how this experience differs from mens. Recognition of symptoms that provide an early indication of heart attack, either imminently or in the near future, is critical to forestalling or preventing the disease. In a NIH press release, Jean McSweeney, PhD, RN, Principal Investigator of the study at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences in Little Rock, said, Symptoms such as indigestion, sleep disturbances, or weakness in the arms, which many of us experience on a daily basis, were recognized by many women in the study as warning signals for AMI. Because there was considerable variability in the frequency and severity of symptoms, she added, we need to know at what point these symptoms help us predict a cardiac event. Womens symptoms not as predictable According to Patricia A.Grady, PhD, RN, Director of the NINR: Increasingly, it is evident that womens symptoms are not as predictable as mens. This study offers hope that both women and clinicians will realize the wide range of symptoms that can indicate heart attack. It is important not to miss the earliest possible opportunity to prevent or ease AMI, which is the number one cause of death in both women and men. The womens major symptoms prior to their heart attack included: Unusual fatigue - 70%Sleep disturbance - 48%Shortness of breath - 42%Indigestion - 39%Anxiety - 35% Major symptoms during the heart attack include: Shortness of breath - 58%Weakness - 55%Unusual fatigue - 43%Cold sweat - 39%Dizziness - 39% Related NIH research into heart attacks in women includes possible ethnic and racial differences.